Social Support, Job Demands, and Workplace Incivility in Generation Z

Salwaa Nur Fauziyyah; Fetty Poerwita Sary

doi:10.37641/jimkes.v13i4.3476

Authors

Salwaa Nur Fauziyyah Universitas Telkom, Indonesia
Fetty Poerwita Sary Universitas Telkom, Indonesia

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.37641/jimkes.v13i4.3476

Keywords:

Generation Z, Job Demand, Job Stress, Social Support, Workplace Incivility

Abstract

Workplace incivility such as rudeness, exclusion, and disrespect is a growing issue, especially among Generation Z employees who are prone to stress and mental health issues. Incivility has negative consequences, including decreased productivity and increased absenteeism. This study examines the effects of job demands and social support on workplace incivility, with job stress as a mediating variable. Using a quantitative descriptive-causal research design, data were collected from 190 Generation Z employees through a structured questionnaire and analyzed using Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) with SmartPLS. The results showed that job demands had a significant positive effect on job stress, which in turn increased incivility. Conversely, social support was able to reduce job stress and incivil behavior. Job stress was shown to mediate the relationship between the independent variables (job demands and social support) and workplace incivility. These findings emphasize the importance of creating a supportive work environment and effective workload management to reduce incivil behavior and improve employee well-being, especially among younger generations.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

References

Akib, A. M., Sunarjo, S., & Kaimuddin, S. M. (2022). Dukungan sosial terhadap stres kerja. Jurnal Sublimapsi, 5(1), 20–26.

Anwar, S. (2024). The role of job satisfaction influencing generation z turnover intention with organizational support and work life balance as supporting factors. Al-Isyraq: Jurnal Bimbingan, Penyuluhan, dan Konseling Islam, 7(3), 1021-1046.

Batista, L., & Reio Jr, T. G. (2019). Occupational stress and instigator workplace incivility as moderated by personality: a test of an occupational stress and workplace incivility model. Journal of Organizational Psychology, 19(2), 38-49.

Bhattarai, G., Budhathoki, P. B., Rai, B., & Karki, D. (2024). Detrimental impact of employees’ job demand on their workplace incivility behaviour: Restorative role of self-efficacy. International Journal of Management and Sustainability, 13(1), 26-39.

Caiado, R. G. G., Quelhas, O. L. G., Nascimento, D. L. D. M., Anholon, R., & Leal Filho, W. (2019). Towards sustainability by aligning operational programmes and sustainable performance measures. Production Planning & Control, 30(5-6), 413-425.

Carmona‐Cobo, I., & Lopez‐Zafra, E. (2022). Hospital nurses experiencing day‐to‐day workplace incivility: A diary study on the benefits of daily social support. Journal of Nursing Management, 30(6), 1577-1589.

Chen, Z., Lee, T., Yue, X., & Wang, J. (2022). How time pressure matter university faculties’ job stress and well-being? The perspective of the job demand theory. Frontiers in Psychology, 13, 902951.

Cohen, S., & McKay, G. (2020). Social support, stress and the buffering hypothesis: A theoretical analysis. In Handbook of psychology and health, 4 ,253-267.

Daniel, C. O. (2019). Effects of job stress on employee’s performance. International Journal of Business, Management and Social Research, 6(2), 375-382.

Data Indonesia. 2024. Hasil Survei Bentuk Perlakuan Tidak Menyenangkan yang Dialami Pekerja di Kantor. Retrieved 17 May 2025 from https://dataindonesia.id/varia/detail/hasil-survei-bentuk-perlakuan-tidak-menyenangkan-yang-dialami-pekerja-di-kantor.

Databoks. (2016, Mei). Jumlah pekerja stres. Retrieved 17 May 2025 from https://databoks.katadata.co.id/tags/pekerja-stres.

Ellahi, A., Ishfaq, U., Imran, A., Iqbal, M. A. B., Hayat, M. T., & Abid, M. (2021). Effect of workaholism, job demands and social support on Workplace Incivility. Indian Journal of Economics and Business, 20(4), 1331-1349.

Ersoy, A., Mahmood, Z., Sharif, S., Ersoy, N., & Ehtiyar, R. (2023). Exploring the associations between social support, perceived uncertainty, job stress, and emotional exhaustion during the COVID-19 crisis. Sustainability, 15(3), 2150-2161.

Foy, T., Dwyer, R. J., Nafarrete, R., Hammoud, M. S. S., & Rockett, P. (2019). Managing job performance, social support and work-life conflict to reduce workplace stress. International Journal of Productivity and Performance Management, 68(6), 1018-1041.

Fukuzaki, T., & Iwata, N. (2023). Gender differences in the motivational process of the job demands-resources model. Yonago Acta Medica, 66(3), 326-333.

Hughes, I. M., Freier, L. M., & Barratt, C. L. (2022). “Your help isn’t helping me!” Unhelpful workplace social support, strain, and the role of individual differences. Occupational Health Science, 6(3), 387-423.

Jolly, P. M., Kong, D. T., & Kim, K. Y. (2021). Social support at work: An integrative review. Journal of organizational behavior, 42(2), 229-251.

Jungert, T., & Holm, K. (2022). Workplace incivility and bystanders’ helping intentions. International Journal of Conflict Management, 33(2), 273-290.

Kaihlanen, A. M., Ruotsalainen, S., Väisänen, V., Corneliusson, L., Pesonen, T., & Sinervo, T. (2023). Job demand and job resource factors explaining stress and job satisfaction among home care nurses–a mixed-methods sequential explanatory study. BMC nursing, 22(1), 404-414.

Liu, X., He, P., & Jiang, S. (2024). Workaholism and workplace incivility: a moderated dual-process model. Current Psychology, 43(24), 21057-21071.

Mehmood, S., Aziz, A., & Husin, N. S. (2023). Does work stress & workplace incivility influence employee turnover intentions? Mediating role of work-family conflict. Innovation Journal of Social Sciences and Economic Review, 5(2), 01-14.

Mensah, A. (2021). Job stress and mental well-being among working men and women in Europe: The mediating role of social support. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(5), 2494-2504.

Ningrat, Q. S., & Mulyana, O. P. (2022). Hubungan antara tuntutan pekerjaan dengan stres kerja. Character: Jurnal Penelitian Psikologi, 9(3), 99-108.

Obrenovic, B., Du, J., Godinic, D., Tsoy, D., Khan, M. A. S., & Jakhongirov, I. (2020). Sustaining enterprise operations and productivity during the COVID-19 pandemic:“Enterprise Effectiveness and Sustainability Model”. Sustainability, 12(15), 5981-5991.

Osazefua, I. J. (2019). Operational efficiency and financial sustainability of listed manufacturing companies in Nigeria. Journal of Accounting and Taxation, 11(1), 17-31.

Putra, D. A., Jesajas, T. G. J., & Febriasari, P. (2024). From stress to exit: The role of workplace incivility in shaping turnover intentions among Indonesian Gen Z. Jurnal Ekonomi, 13(04), 373-379.

Qiu, S., & Zhang, R. (2022). The relationship between workplace incivility and psychological distress: the moderating role of servant leadership. Workplace Health & Safety, 70(10), 459-467

Rahmi, A., Iswari, M., & Kamarudin, E. M. E. (2024). Optimising career adaptability for post-internship students islamic religious college: The role of work values and social support. Pertanika Journal of Social Sciences & Humanities, 32(2), 151-161.

Ramadhan, E. A., & Fajarwati, D. (2024). The influence of high-performance work systems on service quality and the mediating role of trust, job satisfaction and affective commitment. Jurnal Ilmiah Manajemen Kesatuan, 12(1), 295–308.

Raval, S. J., Kant, R., & Shankar, R. (2020). Analyzing the Lean Six Sigma enabled organizational performance to enhance operational efficiency. Benchmarking: An International Journal, 27(8), 2401-2434.

Semmer, N. K., Kälin, W., Amstad, F. T., Tschan, F., Jacobshagen, N., Beehr, T. A., ... & Elfering, A. (2025). Dysfunctional social support: Delivering social support at work in an unappreciative way. Occupational Health Science, 4(2),1-26.

Seo, S. H. (2024). The Effect of Social Support on MZ Employees' Innovative Behavior: Sequential Mediation by Self-efficacy and Work Engagement. Global Business & Finance Review, 29(10), 108-118.

Shakoor, A., Haider, S., Akhtar, M. H., & Asadullah, M. A. (2023). Moderated mediation between work–life conflict and employee turnover intentions: the role of job dissatisfaction and workplace social support. International Journal of Organizational Analysis, 31(4), 1037-1060.

Sugiyono, P. D. (2024). Metode penelitian kuantitatif, kualitatif, dan R&D. Bandung: Alfabeta.

Sulfemi, W. B., & Yasita, O. (2020). Dukungan sosial teman sebaya terhadap perilaku bullying. Jurnal Pendidikan, 21(2), 133-147.

Supomo, S. (2024). The role of knowledge sharing, job stress, mutation and motivation in improving employee performance. Jurnal Ilmiah Manajemen Kesatuan, 12(3), 841–848.

Tantri, S. N., & Roseline, C. N. (2021). Hubungan jenis kelamin, stress, dan kepuasan mahasiswa akuntansi terhadap pembelajaran daring di masa pandemi covid-19. E-Jurnal Akuntansi, 31(7), 1783.

Udayani, N. P. E. (2022). Stres kerja, konflik peran dan workplace incivility pada karyawan. Arjwa: Jurnal Psikologi, 1(2), 97-107.

Vasconcelos, A. F. (2020). Workplace incivility: a literature review. International Journal of Workplace Health Management, 13(5), 513-542.

Wairisal, P. (2023). The influence of organizational culture, leadership, and work stress on employee performance. Research Horizon, 3(3), 249-259.

Wang, C. H., & Chen, H. T. (2020). Relationships among workplace incivility, work engagement and job performance. Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Insights, 3(4), 415-429.

Wu, F., Ren, Z., Wang, Q., He, M., Xiong, W., Ma, G., ... & Zhang, X. (2021). The relationship between job stress and job burnout: the mediating effects of perceived social support and job satisfaction. Psychology, health & medicine, 26(2), 204-211.

Yuniasanti, R., Abas, N. A. H., & Hamzah, H. (2019). Employee turnover intention among Millennials: The role of psychological well-being and experienced workplace incivility. HUMANITAS: Indonesian Psychological Journal, 16(2), 74-85.